11.12.2024: Bosnian Journalist Targeted by Drug Lord’s Assassination Plot

Journalist Berat Buzhala, founder of the Kosovo-based portal Nacionale (https://nacionale.com/), reported receiving a death threat on 2 December 2024 via social media platform Facebook. The threatening message, allegedly sent from an account contained explicit threats to Buzhala and other journalists. It included derogatory language, accusations of betrayal, and symbolic Kosovo and Albanian flags. In the past some state officials made alleged accusations that his outlet supported Serbian interests, fueling a hostile environment for independent journalism. The relations between political leaders in Kosovo and Serbia have been conflicting for decades.

Buzhala publicly shared a screenshot of the message and stated that such hostility stems from government rhetoric targeting journalists critical of its policies. He has faced previous incidents, including cyberattacks, smear campaigns, and physical threats. The Kosovo Journalists Association (Asociacioni i Gazetarëve të Kosovës – AGK – https://agk-ks.org/) condemned the threats, highlighting the increasing dangers posed to media freedom and urging authorities to hold perpetrators accountable.

You can see Berat Facebook post here: https://www.facebook.com/share/1B5yVJhCKW/?mibextid=WC7FNe

While Kosovo police have initiated an investigation, Buzhala remains skeptical, citing a lack of urgency in addressing government-endorsed hostility toward the media. This incident underscores the broader challenges journalists face in Kosovo amid political polarization and escalating tensions regarding media independence.

The South East Europe Media Organisation (SEEMO) condemns the alarming death threats directed at journalist Berat Buzhala, founder of Nacionale. Threats against journalists undermine press freedom and democracy and are unacceptable in any society. SEEMO calls on Kosovo authorities to ensure the safety of Buzhala and his colleagues and to thoroughly investigate and prosecute those responsible. Furthermore, SEEMO urges all public officials to refrain from rhetoric that fuels hostility toward the media. SEEMO will closely monitor this case and continue to advocate for the protection of journalists in the region.

South East Europe Media Organisation (SEEMO) is a regional non-governmental, non profit network of editors, media executives and leading journalists in Southeast, South, East and Central Europe. SEEMO members are in Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova (with the territory of Transdnestria), Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Türkiye / Turkey, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. Austria, Italy, Vatican and San Marino have a special status in SEEMO. SEEMO has over 3000 individual members, and additional media as corporate members.

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The Slavko Ćuruvija Foundation (https://www.slavkocuruvijafondacija.rs/en/) received a death threat on 3 December 2024 on its Facebook page, posted by a user. The comment, written in capital letters, read: “And why does this concern you from Ćuruvija, be careful, there are more Easters, hands became gilded.” This reference to Easter carries a chilling significance, as journalist Slavko Ćuruvija was murdered on Easter Sunday, 11 April 1999 in front of his Belgrade, Serbia, residence, following days of surveillance by state intelligence service operatives about what reports where published. He was also attacked in 1999 in media controlled by that time President of Serbia Slobodan Milošević and his wife Mirjana Marković.

The Foundation reported the threat to the Prosecutor’s Office for High-Tech Crime in Belgrade, Serbia, emphasizing the seriousness of the message, which they view as a glorification of Ćuruvija’s murder and a potential incitement to further violence. Ivana Stevanović, the Foundation’s director, stated that the account does not appear to be fake, making identification of the individual behind it more feasible. Legal proceedings are underway to investigate and address the threat.

This development comes in a fraught context. Earlier this year, an appellate court overturned convictions against four former state intelligent service officers who had been sentenced to 100 years in total for Ćuruvija’s murder. The case remains unresolved, as do the killings of other Serbian journalists. The Foundation, which was established by Ćuruvija’s children, has also faced lawsuits from individuals, compounding the pressures on its mission to promote media freedom.

You can read the Slavko Ćuruvija Foundation article here: https://www.slavkocuruvijafondacija.rs/en/slavko-curuvija-foundation-receives-death-threat/

The South East Europe Media Organisation (SEEMO) condemns the recent death threat made against the Slavko Ćuruvija Foundation via Facebook. This heinous act, referencing the tragic 1999 murder of journalist Slavko Ćuruvija, underscores the persistent threats faced by media professionals in Serbia. SEEMO calls for swift and thorough action by Serbian authorities to identify and prosecute the perpetrator behind this threat, as such intimidation is intolerable in any democratic society. SEEMO will closely monitor the situation to ensure that justice is served and the safety of journalists and media organizations is upheld.

South East Europe Media Organisation (SEEMO) is a regional non-governmental, non profit network of editors, media executives and leading journalists in Southeast, South, East and Central Europe. SEEMO members are in Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova (with the territory of Transdnestria), Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Türkiye / Turkey, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. Austria, Italy, Vatican and San Marino have a special status in SEEMO. SEEMO has over 3000 individual members, and additional media as corporate members.

#fyp #mediafreedom #seemo #freespeech #southeasteuropemediaorganisation#ngo #journalist #serbia #slavkocuruvijafoundation #belgrade #slavkocuruvija #journalistthreat #SEEMO #pressfreedom #mediafreedom #freemedia

On 26 November 2024 a Russian court in East Siberian city Chita (Чита), Russia sentenced the 32 years old journalist Nika Novak (Ника Новак) to four years in prison for “confidential cooperation with a foreign organization.” The case was conducted behind closed doors under strict secrecy, with limited information made public. Novak’s conviction is the first under Article 275.1 of Russia’s criminal code, a law introduced in 2022 to penalize collaborations deemed damaging to state security.

The charges stem from Novak’s alleged collaboration with Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL – https://www.rferl.org/), banned as “undesirable” in Russia. Authorities accused her of aiding the preparation of materials discrediting the Russian military and government. Novak was detained in December 2023 after police searched her home in Chita, seizing electronic devices. She was later transferred to Moscow’s Lefortovo prison, known for holding state security-related detainees, before her trial in Chita.

Novak, a former RFE/RL contributor, has a distinguished career in journalism, having worked for various regional outlets including in the past also freelancing for Sibir.Realii (https://www.sibreal.org/). She was also known for her anti-war stance and criticism of Russian censorship following the invasion of Ukraine. In 2022 when the full-scale war between Russia and Ukraine began, Novak put the phrase Russian attack on her Facebook page. Despite the risks, she chose to remain in Russia, a decision that her family believes stemmed from her commitment to reporting. Since 2021 she has been running additional to her journalism work the Chita cultural center Gifted and as journalists she worked as a freelancher. After Novak’s arrest, the Gifted center was accused by politicians of supporting pro-Western views, LGBT movement, and criticism of the Russian military action in Ukraine.

Novak’s appeal is anticipated, but her sentencing has drawn widespread criticism, serving as a stark reminder of the escalating risks faced by independent reporters in Russia.

The South East Europe Media Organisation (SEEMO) condemns the sentencing of Russian journalist Nika Novak to four years in prison under opaque and politically charged allegations of “confidential cooperation with a foreign organization.” This verdict is a clear attempt to suppress independent journalism and stifle dissent in Russia. SEEMO considers this case a grave violation of press freedom and human rights, and we urge Russian authorities to release Novak immediately. SEEMO will continue to closely monitor this case and advocate for the protection of journalists and free expression in the region.

South East Europe Media Organisation (SEEMO) is a regional non-governmental, non profit network of editors, media executives and leading journalists in Southeast, South, East and Central Europe. SEEMO members are in Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova (with the territory of Transdnestria), Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Türkiye / Turkey, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. Austria, Italy, Vatican and San Marino have a special status in SEEMO. SEEMO has over 3000 individual members, and additional media as corporate members.

#fyp #mediafreedom #seemo #freespeech #southeasteuropemediaorganisation#ngo #journalist #russia #nikanovak #rferl #journalistinjail #jailedjournalist #SEEMO #pressfreedom #mediafreedom #freemedia

The upcoming spring elections in Albania, expected by April or May 2025, which will determine the new parliament and government, will be monitored by the media under significant restrictions. This marks the fourth consecutive election cycle where political parties have systematically limited journalists access to campaign events, opting instead to rely on their own recording, editing, and broadcasting systems for public dissemination. These practices represent a troubling trend, eroding journalistic independence and undermining transparency in the electoral process.

Journalists face numerous barriers in their work, beginning with the lack of access to candidates’ schedules. Media outlets are not informed about daily or weekly activities of electoral candidates, including those running for prime minister, making it impossible to provide on-the-ground coverage of campaign meetings with voters. Even when journalists learn about such events through unofficial channels and attempt to report from these locations, they are frequently barred entry by the candidates’ security teams or press offices. This restriction is especially pronounced for events involving major political figures.

Instead, journalists are compelled to rely on livestreams provided by candidates on social media platforms. These streams are carefully controlled, with cameras turned on and off or focused in ways that serve the campaign’s propagandistic objectives. In other cases, press offices distribute pre-packaged materials to newsrooms, complete with selective editing and embellishments. These materials omit critical perspectives, fail to provide a comprehensive view of events, and exclude voices that might challenge or scrutinize the narrative presented.

The Albanian Journalists’ Association (Asocacioni i Gazetarëve të Shqipërisë – AGSH – https://agsh.al/) has consistently raised concerns about this state of affairs. Isa Myzyraj, President of AGSH, has denounced the dissemination of ready-made campaign footage as blatant propaganda that strikes at the core of press freedom and democracy. He has emphasized that journalists must be allowed to attend and report on all public events without restriction, presenting these activities from their own perspective to the public. Myzyraj argues that restricting media access and serving curated content undermines journalistic integrity and distorts the reality of electoral processes.

You can read the AGSH article: https://agsh.al/2024/11/25/media-do-ti-nenshtrohet-vullnetit-te-partive-per-te-punuar-mbi-materiale-te-gatshme-edhe-ne-keto-zgjedhje/

The South East Europe Media Organisation (SEEMO) condemns the systematic exclusion of journalists from direct access to election campaign activities in Albania, a practice that undermines media freedom, transparency, and democratic accountability. Replacing independent reporting with controlled propaganda through curated materials and restricted access is a blatant attack on press freedom and the public’s right to accurate information. SEEMO urges immediate reforms to ensure media can operate independently and freely, holding political actors accountable. SEEMO will continue to monitor this situation closely and advocate for measures that restore media’s role as a critical pillar of democracy. SEEMO is supporting the Albanian Journalists’ Association – AGSH – in fight for press freedom in Albania.

South East Europe Media Organisation (SEEMO) is a regional non-governmental, non profit network of editors, media executives and leading journalists in Southeast, South, East and Central Europe. SEEMO members are in Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova (with the territory of Transdnestria), Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Türkiye / Turkey, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. Austria, Italy, Vatican and San Marino have a special status in SEEMO. SEEMO has over 3000 individual members, and additional media as corporate members.

#fyp #mediafreedom #seemo #freespeech #southeasteuropemediaorganisation#ngo #journalist #albania #election #AGSH #SEEMO #pressfreedom #mediafreedom #freemedia

On 22 November 2024, Nova.rs (https://nova.rs/) television journalist Ana Marković was assaulted while covering the “Stop Serbia” (Zastani Srbijo) rally near the Faculty of Dramatic Arts (Fakultet Dramskih Umetnosti) in New Belgrade municipality of the city of Belgrade, Serbia. The protest, organized in memory of those who died in the Novi Sad, Serbia, railway station roof collapse on 1 November 2024, involved a 15-minute traffic blockade at the intersection. The event escalated into violence when frustrated drivers clashed with demonstrators.

According to Marković, one of the drivers struck her forearm while she was recording the incident, knocking her phone to the ground. Witnesses at the rally defended her, urging the driver to leave her alone. Marković reported the lack of police intervention despite their proximity to the scene.

You can read the Nova S article here: https://nova.rs/vesti/drustvo/novinarka-nova-rs-udarena-pesnicom-tuca-na-skupu-kod-fdu/

The protest was marked by broader altercations, with drivers physically attacking attendees, including students, faculty, and other citizens. Although participants attempted to explain the reasons behind the blockade, tensions boiled over into further scuffles.

The South East Europe Media Organisation (SEEMO) condemns the physical attack on journalist Ana Marković of Nova.rs. Violence against journalists is entirely unacceptable and represents a grave threat to press freedom. SEEMO calls on authorities to thoroughly investigate this incident, hold the perpetrators accountable, and ensure the safety of media professionals. SEEMO will be closely monitoring this case to ensure justice is served and to advocate for the protection of journalists across the region.

South East Europe Media Organisation (SEEMO) is a regional non-governmental, non profit network of editors, media executives and leading journalists in Southeast, South, East and Central Europe. SEEMO members are in Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova (with the territory of Transdnestria), Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Türkiye / Turkey, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. Austria, Italy, Vatican and San Marino have a special status in SEEMO. SEEMO has over 3000 individual members, and additional media as corporate members.

#fyp #mediafreedom #seemo #freespeech #southeasteuropemediaorganisation#ngo #journalist #serbia #anamarkovic #novas #journalistattacked #SEEMO #pressfreedom #mediafreedom #freemedia

Andrey Kuznechyk (Андрэй Кузьнечык), born 1978, a journalist for Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Belarus Service (RFE/RL – https://www.rferl.org/Belarus), is since 2021 in prison on charges widely condemned as politically motivated. Kuznechyk was initially arrested on 25 November 2021, and sentenced to 10 days on disputed hooliganism charges. Instead of being released, authorities accused him of creating an extremist group, a charge concealed from his family and colleagues for months.

On 8 June 2022, following a one-day trial behind closed doors at the Mahilyou (Магілёў), Belarus, regional court, Kuznechyk was sentenced to six years in one of Belarus’s most restrictive prisons, known for housing political prisoners and notorious conditions. Rights organizations, including RFE/RL and human rights groups in Belarus, have denounced the charges as baseless, identifying Kuznechyk as a political prisoner.

Kuznechyk’s case reflects a broader crackdown on dissent following Belarus’s disputed 2020 presidential election. The regime of President of Belarus Alyaksandr Lukashenka (Алякса́ндр Лукашэ́нка), facing accusations of election fraud, has arrested tens of thousands of citizens and forced many opposition figures into exile. Kuznechyk is one of three RFE/RL journalists currently imprisoned, alongside Ihar Losik (Ігар Лосік), serving 15 years on dubious charges, and Vladyslav Yesypenko (Владислав Єсипенкo), sentenced to six years in the by Russia occupied Crimea on contested claims of explosives possession.

The South East Europe Media Organisation (SEEMO) condemns the unjust imprisonment of journalist Andrey Kuznechyk and the broader targeting of independent media in Belarus under the Alyaksandr Lukashenka regime. The baseless charges against Kuznechyk and other journalists reflect an alarming crackdown on press freedom and dissent, which violates fundamental human rights. SEEMO urges Belarusian authorities to release all journalists and political prisoners immediately and ensure a free and independent media environment. SEEMO will closely monitor the situation in Belarus and continue to advocate for the rights of journalists and freedom of expression in Belarus.

South East Europe Media Organisation (SEEMO) is a regional non-governmental, non profit network of editors, media executives and leading journalists in Southeast, South, East and Central Europe. SEEMO members are in Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova (with the territory of Transdnestria), Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Türkiye / Turkey, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. Austria, Italy, Vatican and San Marino have a special status in SEEMO. SEEMO has over 3000 individual members, and additional media as corporate members.

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On 20 November 2024, Gurban Soltan Achilova (Солтан Ачилова or also written Soltan Açylowa or Gurbansoltan Achilova), a 75-year-old photojournalist renowned for documenting human rights abuses in Turkmenistan, was forcibly detained and allegedly hospitalized under false pretenses. This incident, allegedly orchestrated by Turkmen authorities, aimed to block her travel to Geneva, Switzerland where she was set to attend a ceremony for the prestigious Martin Ennals Award for Human Rights Defenders (https://www.martinennalsaward.org/). She was in 2021 the Martin Ennals Award Finalist.

Soltan Achilova and her daughter Maya Achilova were scheduled to travel from Ashgabat (Aşgabat / Ашхабад / Ashkhabad / Ashgaba,), Turkmenistan to Geneva, but the special police pushed Soltan and Maya Achilova, as also daughter’s husband into an ambulance and brought them to the specialized hospital. Authorities claiming Achilova had a supposed “infectious disease” arrived at her Ashgabat, apartment early in the morning, forcibly taking her to a specialized medical facility. Despite showing no symptoms, she was allegedly confined for several days without explanation, her family denied access, and even her apartment keys confiscated. Allegedly one official chillingly remarked that she doesn’t need keys in the afterlife, after she asked to bring the apartment keys with her.

This marks the second consecutive year that Achilova has been prevented from attending the Geneva event. In 2023, border officials at Ashgabat Airport allegedly destroyed her passport to halt her travel. Achilova, one of the few independent journalists openly criticizing Turkmenistan’s authoritarian regime, has endured years of intimidation, physical attacks, travel bans, and threats against her family.

Achilova’s work provides a rare glimpse into life under the repressive regime, where independent media is non-existent. In addition to systematic censorship, Turkmenistan is infamous for persecuting dissenters through arbitrary arrests, torture, and even extrajudicial killings.

Achilova’s case is emblematic of the systemic oppression in Turkmenistan, where dissent is met with severe reprisals. The international community is being called upon to pressure Turkmen authorities into halting their harassment of journalists and ensuring the safety and freedoms of those brave enough to speak out.

Soltan Achilova is a pioneering photojournalist and one of the few independent voices in Turkmenistan. Her career in journalism began after the 2006 forced demolition of her family home in Ashgabat, which spurred her to document and expose human rights abuses. Achilova worked for Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL – https://www.rferl.org/) and contributed to the critical website Khronika Turkmenistana (Хроника Туркменистана – https://www.hronikatm.com/). It is an independent information resource of the human rights organization Turkmen Initiative for Human Rights (TIHR) – Туркменская Инициатива по Правам Человека (ТИПЧ) with more than 1 million views in a month according to the webside. The director of this news portal Farid Tukhbatullin (Фарид Тухбатуллин) and the editor in chief (Руслан Тухбатуллин) are living in Austria.

Despite facing severe restrictions, including harassment, travel bans, and surveillance, she continues to highlight issues such as forced evictions, food insecurity, inadequate healthcare, and government repression. Achilova has been recognized internationally for her courageous reporting, becoming a finalist for the 2021 Martin Ennals Award. However, Turkmen authorities have repeatedly barred her from attending ceremonies, including the 2023 award event in Geneva. Operating under constant threats, she remains committed to shedding light on the injustices faced by Turkmen citizens.

The South East Europe Media Organisation (SEEMO) condemns the alleged forced hospitalization and harassment of veteran photojournalist and human rights defender Soltan Achilova by Turkmen authorities. This deliberate action to obstruct her travel to Geneva, where she was to be honored for her invaluable contributions to human rights, represents a flagrant violation of press freedom and fundamental human rights. SEEMO calls for her immediate and unconditional release, as well as assurances for her safety and freedom to work without intimidation. SEEMO will continue to monitor this situation closely, advocating for accountability and respect for independent journalism in Turkmenistan.

South East Europe Media Organisation (SEEMO) is a regional non-governmental, non profit network of editors, media executives and leading journalists in Southeast, South, East and Central Europe. SEEMO members are in Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova (with the territory of Transdnestria), Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Türkiye / Turkey, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. Austria, Italy, Vatican and San Marino have a special status in SEEMO. SEEMO has over 3000 individual members, and additional media as corporate members.

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On 20 November 2024, Lorena Resulaj, a journalist from SYRI TV’s (https://www.syri.net/) investigative program Piranja, was allegedly physically assaulted by two unidentified individuals while attempting to question one Mayor in Albania, on matters highlighted in the program. The incident occurred in the underground parking area of the municipality building as Mayor arrived by car.

Lorena Resulaj reported that when she entered the car park of the municipality building to approach Mayor, two individuals, believed to be municipal staff, allegedly forcibly removed her and shut the gate behind her. She noted that there were no visible signs prohibiting entry and emphasized that the location was a public institution rather than private property. Despite identifying herself as a journalist, the staff continued to prevent her from reaching the mayor. Following the mayor’s departure, Resulaj attempted to access the municipality through the main entrance using proper identification but was still denied entry and instructed to file a written request instead.

You can see the video of the attack here: https://www.facebook.com/share/v/1EoM9uuQsq/?mibextid=UalRPS

A widely circulated video shows the confrontation, with a Mayor present but failing to intervene. Critics have described this as an apparent effort to obstruct investigative journalism. Resulaj has filed a police report, and the case has been referred to prosecutors.

This is not the first time journalists from Piranja have faced aggression.

The South East Europe Media Organisation (SEEMO) condemns the physical assault on journalist Lorena Resulaj while she was attempting to fulfill her professional duties by questioning one Mayor. This incident represents a severe violation of press freedom and the rights of journalists to carry out their investigative work without fear of intimidation or violence. SEEMO calls on Albanian authorities to conduct a thorough investigation, hold those responsible accountable, and ensure the safety of media professionals. SEEMO will be closely monitoring the developments of this case to advocate for justice and the protection of press freedoms in Albania.

South East Europe Media Organisation (SEEMO) is a regional non-governmental, non profit network of editors, media executives and leading journalists in Southeast, South, East and Central Europe. SEEMO members are in Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova (with the territory of Transdnestria), Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Türkiye / Turkey, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. Austria, Italy, Vatican and San Marino have a special status in SEEMO. SEEMO has over 3000 individual members, and additional media as corporate members.

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